Background and purpose: Nowadays over 153 million women use IUD worldwide as contraception. Long-term durability, high efficacy, and cost effectiveness are advantages of this method.This study compares the side effects and continuation rate of TCu380A and CuSafe (300, +300) IUDs during a 6-month period in Taamine Ejtemaee clinics, Hamadan, Iran.Materials and methods: This was a description study. By using a continued method, 250 candidates applied for IUD were randomly placed in two groups of IUD. The side effects and continuation rate were recorded in the following 1,2,3,6 months. Statistical analysis was performed using Students t-test, fisher and chi-squared test where appropriate. The method for data collection was using some information record whose reliability and validity had been approved by the authorities in the field and after data collection they were analyzed statistically.Results: Vaginal bleeding was the most common consequence during the first month of implantation in both groups, however in months 1, 2, and 6 vaginal bleeding was significantly less prevalent in Cu Safe group. At all intervals Cu Safe users were complained for pain and infection significantly less than that in the TCu380A group. The continuation rate was significantly higher in the 3rd month for Cu Safe users. No other major differences in spontaneous expulsion and contraceptive failure were found between the study groups.Conclusion: According to our findings, the side effects included bleeding; pain, infection and spontaneous expulsion were less incident in Cu Safe users than TCu380A. Therefore, the use of Cu Safe IUD is recommended.

Background: IUD is a useful and effective tool for family planning. Different kinds of this equipment are available at the market, but currently the most commonly used one in our country is CU T380A. Previous studies have shown that CU Safe 300 is more effective and associated with less complications than CU t380A, thus it is more acceptable by users. The aim of this study was to determine and compare failure rate of CU T380A and CU Safe 300 IUDS, four years after insertionMaterials and methods: The present research is a cohort study carried out on 246 women who referred to health clinics of Khorramabad four years ago. These women divided into two equal groups. One group used CU T380A and the other group used CU Safe 300. The rate of unwanted delayed complications such as spontaneous bleeding, pregnancy and spontaneous repelling of the IUDs were assessed by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi square and paired T test.Results: Failure rate of CU T380A was more than CU Safe 300. Statistical tests showed significant differences between these two groups.Conclusion: This study shows that new IUD (CU Safe 300 ) which are smaller in size have less Failure rate and more acceptable by women, so their use is suggested in health clinics.

The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant Mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has historically served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for historical governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and Mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and historical Mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of Mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal Mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, historical sources indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by Ear, Nose, and Throat surgeon. Usually, the procedure is carried out as an inpatient surgery. With the increasing need to reduce healthcare costs, spare precious hospital beds, and shorten elective surgery lists, there is currently a trend towards performing tonsillectomy on a daycare basis.Materials and Methods: A prospective review of all tonsillectomies performed at the University Malaya Medical Center was undertaken for the year 2013. Demographic details, qualifying indications, and complication rates were evaluated.Results: There was no incidence of primary hemorrhage among the 96 tonsillectomies performed. There was no significant correlation in terms of secondary hemorrhage between inpatient and day-case tonsillectomy (P=0.54). Only two patients required revision surgery to stop post-tonsillectomy bleeding. None of the patients required blood transfusion, and there were no mortalities.Conclusion: Daycare tonsillectomy is Safe as long as the patient is carefully selected. Both medical and social aspects should be taken into consideration. A post-operative observation period of at least 6 to 8 hours is important. The surgeon should personally review the patient post-operatively and decides if he or she should be hospitalized for observation, or Safe for discharge.

Background: The transition to parenthood is a period of intra-and interpersonal changes and may bring up unexpected problems.The first child's birth has a significant effect on marital relations because the relations change from dyadic to triadic. In general, marital relationships seem to be especially vulnerable during the transition to parenthood, and several studies have revealed a decline in marital satisfaction and an increase in marital conflict among parents. However, during recent years, it has been shown that there is a great variability in the way the marital relations change during transition to parenthood.It has been suggested that babies do not create distress between couples nor bring couples closer together but rather amplify already existing difficulties, which can be seen as deterioration of the relationship.Comparisons of marital relations between couples who conceived either spontaneously or via ART have shown great variation. Couples with successful ART have been reported to show greater marital cohesion (e.g. a mutual feeling of being a couple, sharing things and ideas), less marital distress, to experience their relationships with their partners in a more positive way and to have more stable relationships than couples experiencing spontaneous pregnancy.Materials and Methods: During recent years, the development of assisted reproduction technique (ART) methods has made parenting possible for a substantial number of infertile couples. For the majority of infertile couples successful treatment outcome results in improvement in emotional wellbeing, but less is known about how a previously infertile couple, as a unit, is affected during the transition to parenthood. Social, psychological and infertility-related issues as well as gender may be of relevance in deterMining the impact of infertility on marital relationships.The ability to reproduce is intimately tied to sexuality, self-image and self-esteem. Some studies have revealed no difference in marital satisfaction between ART and control couples and between ART couples and those couples who had children through adoption.In contrast, there are also reports of more marital conflicts among ART parents than controls.Results: Generally, mental health problems during the transition to parenthood are also affected by various social factors; for example low economic status, stressful life events and lack of social support from spouse, friends or family are known to be risk factors for postpartum depression.In addition, child-related factors such as health of the child and worry about the child are important determinants of parental mental health Differences in the experience of pregnancy and birth after ART compared to spontaneous conception are of interest for the developmental psychologist. Individual experiences with infertility in those affected have often led to states of anxiety, low self-esteem and low confidence, but this does not seem to persist in pregnancy. Higher anxiety symptoms occur primarily. Increased symptoms of anxiety are found in pregnant women and their partners who have undergone the high stress of infertility. Pregnant women after ART are less concerned about the physical changes during pregnancy. Couples with previous ART mediated more harmony on the first impression, however, on the other hand being less communicative. A long duration of infertility (7 years or more) was associated with the expression of a large birth anxiety. Postpartum disorders such as depression are influenced by the interaction of several risk factors, particularly prematurity, multiple births and caesarean sections reinforce the emotional problems. However, where fears about the fetal survival are higher, postpartum difficulties are greater and self-esteem is lower after ART. Fears about the fetal survival and postnatal educational difficulties were greater after the application of assisted reproduction and the self-esteem lower. Pregnancy and parenthood after assisted reproduction may be idealized and is associated with a difficult transition to parenthood.Conclusion: It has been presumed that pregnancy and parenthood experienced after infertility and assisted conception will be unproblematic and gratifying. However, theorized that past infertility and ART conception might be associated with elevated anxiety about pregnancy loss; delayed mother-infant attachment; diminished maternal confidence; hyper vigilant and overprotective parenting and idealized expectations of parenting capacity and the infant.